> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://isbm.savimbo.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://isbm.savimbo.com/methodology/zh-cn/xiang-mu-miao-shu/zi-ge-biao-zhun/tu-di-suo-you-quan-yu-fa-l.md).

# 土地所有权与法律

生物多样性信用体系的参与方必须证明其对土地享有合法权利。信用可授予土地所有者和守护者，以及对土地享有其他类型权利的个人和组织（即狩猎权）。所有对土地享有合法权利的各方，都必须因保护而非开发利用土地而获得相应回报。项目应提供所涉财产权和土地面积的说明。 

土地权利可因地点而异，且必须符合司法辖区要求。该方法学专门设计为，在原住民（IP）和当地社区（LCs）虽不具备完整土地权利但能够提供明确的土地占有证明时，允许其参与保护活动。哥伦比亚国家司法辖区的土地核验程序示例如下（[附录B](/methodology/zh-cn/fu-lu/fu-lubtu-di-kong-zhi-quan-falzheng-ming-yang-ben.md)).

ISBM承认以下类型的合法权利：

* 以产权形式体现的合法所有权，或 
* 土地使用权（例如狩猎权或采伐合同），或
* 守护权（允许当地群体在该领土上居住并维持生计）。

BCP必须证明，或取得项目活动实施所在土地及边界的个人、公共或集体组织、权利持有人或管理人的明确书面授权。如适用多种类型的合法权利，则所有相关方均须提供授权。对于私有土地，必须由土地所有者或权利持有人出具明确证明，授权实施BCP。 

基于政治、社会和文化层面的考量，尤其是在历史上生物多样性丰富的区域，ISBM提供以合法守护权而非要求土地绝对所有权的安排。从文化角度看，许多原住民并不承认人类对自然资源享有“所有权”。在多次场合，ISBM共同发起方均强调，土地不能被拥有，只能被守护。在其他情况下，国家政府可能依法保有相关土地的权利，并禁止原住民取得完全合法所有权。在缺乏土地合法产权的情况下，BCP可在提交必要文件后，使用监护权或土地守护权证明（例如，见 [附录B](/methodology/zh-cn/fu-lu/fu-lubtu-di-kong-zhi-quan-falzheng-ming-yang-ben.md)).


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